DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS A PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGE: RESULTS OF A MASS SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY IN TURKISTAN REGION

Abstract

Introduction: Domestic violence is a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with persistent gender norms. In Kazakhstan, up-to-date regional data on the prevalence and perception of violence remain scarce. Objective: To assess the prevalence, forms, and risk factors of domestic violence, levels of help-seeking behavior, and awareness of support services among the adult population in the Turkestan region. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted via an anonymous online survey with 24,621 adult participants. The questionnaire included sections on demographics, personal or family experience of violence, help-seeking behavior, awareness of legislation, and trust in institutional support. Data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics (χ², p < 0.05). Results: A total of 693 respondents (2.8%) reported domestic violence, mostly physical (48.2%) and psychological (43.7%). Only 1.1% contacted police services. Key barriers included fear (58.4%), shame (46.9%), and distrust in the system (34.1%). Women and rural residents were less likely to seek help. Nearly 95% of respondents supported prevention efforts. Conclusions: Domestic violence remains highly underreported. Lack of institutional trust and cultural normalization of violence reduce help-seeking behavior. Locally tailored information, protection, and support programs are needed.