RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE SEMIPALATINSK REGION: TRANSGENERATIONAL RISKS AND DOSIMETRY APPROACHES

Abstract

Abstract: The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) in Kazakhstan was the site of extensive nuclear testing during the Soviet era, leading to long-term environmental contamination and potential health effects for exposed populations. Aim: Analysis of existing studies on radiation dosimetry and health effects of radiation exposure in the affected regions. Search strategy: Relevant literature was identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search covered studies published up to January 2025 using the following key terms: “Semipalatinsk nuclear test site”, “radiation exposure”, “biodosimetry”, “transgenerational effects”, and “radiation-induced mutations”. No date or language restrictions were applied at the search stage. A total of 74 records were initially retrieved. After duplicate removal, 70 articles were screened based on title and abstract. The full text of 45 articles was reviewed for eligibility, and 39 publications were selected based on their relevance to the objectives of this review. Results: The article discusses key biodosimetric methods, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and glycophorin A (GPA) assays, which have been used to estimate radiation exposure. Studies indicate increased mutation rates, potential transgenerational effects, and a heightened risk of oncological diseases among exposed populations. Despite decades of research, uncertainties remain regarding radiation exposure's long-term genetic and epigenetic consequences. Conclusions: This review highlights the necessity for further investigations using advanced molecular techniques to clarify the impact of radiation on future generations and improve radioprotection strategies.