ANALYSIS OF THE PREVALENCE OF CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS IN NEWBORNS IN MANGISTAU REGION

Abstract

Relevance of the study: Congenital malformations (CM) rank among the primary contributors to infant death, perinatal complications, and long-term disability in childhood. According to the World Health Organization, about 6% of babies worldwide are born each year with congenital anomalies, making it a significant issue for healthcare systems and society at large. The relevance of this study is due not only to the high frequency of CM but also to their significant impact on the life expectancy and quality of life of affected children, as well as the financial burden on healthcare systems. Studying CM in environmentally disadvantaged regions such as Mangystau Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan is especially important, where industrial and ecological factors may contribute to the growing prevalence of congenital anomalies. Aim: To assess the prevalence and structure of congenital malformations among newborns in the Mangystau Region from 2020 to 2024. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of statistical data on CM was conducted based on reports from regional medical institutions. Trends were assessed by year, by antenatal screening stages, and by organ systems. Standard descriptive statistical methods were used. No personal data were analyzed. Results: A rise in registered cases of CM was observed from 86 in 2020 to 214 in 2024. Analysis by antenatal screening stages revealed a marked increase in CM detection during the second and third trimesters, particularly in the second screening where 100 cases were recorded in 2024 compared to 58 in 2020. This may reflect advances in prenatal monitoring technologies and increased physician awareness of potential fetal anomalies. By organ system, the highest number of cases in 2024 was reported in the nervous system (39), cardiovascular system (41), and multiple anomalies (47 cases). Conclusion: The findings highlight the need to strengthen preventive programs, improve the accessibility and quality of prenatal screening, and conduct further research into the impact of environmental factors on CM prevalence in the region.